Absolute Configuration
Absolute Configuration An arrangement of the atoms in the space attached to a chiral carbon is referred as configuration and most commonly expressed by absolute configuration as “R” and “S.” The absolute configuration assigned by CIP system given by three organic chemists named as R.S. Cahn, C.K. Ingold, and V. Prelog. A CIP nomenclature includes the assignment of […]
Elimination Reactions
Elimination Reactions As the name indicates, small molecule eliminates during these types of reactions. This small molecule is generally water (-H2O) in the case of dehydration or HX in the case of dehydrohalogenation. A 1, 2-elimination suggests that the atoms that are eliminated
Solubility of Benzoic Acid vs Phenol in NaOH and NaHCO3
Solubility of Benzoic Acid Versus Phenol in Aqueous Solution of NaOH and NaHCO3 Benzoic acid and phenol both are insoluble in water due to non-polar benzene ring but these molecules become soluble if we react them with an aqueous solution of NaOH, which forms water-soluble sodium salt of the benzoic acid (Sodium benzoate) and the […]
Possible chair conformations of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane
Possible Chair Conformations of 1,2- Dimethylcyclohexane In the given figure various possible chair conformations of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane are drawn. There are two possibilities that are cis or trans, but the position of the methyl group on axial or equatorial bond on cyclohexane determines whether the compound is cis or trans. Like in given figure no. 1, […]
Organic Reaction Mechanisms (Curly Arrow)
Organic Reaction Mechanisms (Curly Arrow) Organic reactions are involved with a single basic mechanism that is a negative part of one reactant attacks on the positive site of other reactant and forms the final organic product. Most of the organic reactions are working on this single concept that negative part is attacking on positive part […]
E1 vs. E2 elimination reactions
E1 vs. E2 Elimination Reactions S. No. E1 elimination Reaction E2 elimination Reaction 1. Unimolecular (Rate of reaction depends on one molecule that is alkyl halide) Bimolecular (Rate of reaction depends on two molecules that is alkyl halide and base) 2. First order of reaction Second order of reaction 3. Two step reaction One step […]
Ozonolysis
Ozonolysis Ozonolysis of Alkenes and Alkynes Mechanism:
Geometric Isomerism
Geometric Isomerism Alkenes show the geometric isomerism which is denoted by E/Z-isomers. These differ in the orientation of different atoms or substituents across the double bond. They are also referred as stereoisomer particularly diastereomers. For example, 2-butene has two geometric isomers. They also differ in physical properties. The prefix “Cis” or “Z” comes from Latin […]
Markovnikov’s Rule
Markovnikov’s Rule Valadimir Markovnikov observed the pattern of halogenation of alkene where formations of two isomeric products are possible. Markovnikov rule state that in the addition of acid to carbon-carbon double bond of alkene, the hydrogen of acid attaches to the carbon that already holds a greater number of hydrogen. It’s a regioselective reaction because […]
Anti-Markovnikov Rule
Anti – Markovnikov Rule The addition of hydrogen halide to an alkene in the presence of peroxide is opposite to Markovnikov rule. This reversal of orientation of product is peroxide effect and also known as Kharasch effect observed by M.S. Kharasch and F.R. Mayo in 1973. So, in the presence of peroxide addition of hydrogen […]