E1 vs. E2 elimination reactions
E1 vs. E2 Elimination Reactions S. No. E1 elimination Reaction E2 elimination Reaction 1. Unimolecular (Rate of reaction depends on one molecule that is alkyl halide) Bimolecular (Rate of reaction depends on two molecules that is alkyl halide and base) 2. First order of reaction Second order of reaction 3. Two step reaction One step […]
Ozonolysis
Ozonolysis Ozonolysis of Alkenes and Alkynes Mechanism:
Geometric Isomerism
Geometric Isomerism Alkenes show the geometric isomerism which is denoted by E/Z-isomers. These differ in the orientation of different atoms or substituents across the double bond. They are also referred as stereoisomer particularly diastereomers. For example, 2-butene has two geometric isomers. They also differ in physical properties. The prefix “Cis” or “Z” comes from Latin […]
Markovnikov’s Rule
Markovnikov’s Rule Valadimir Markovnikov observed the pattern of halogenation of alkene where formations of two isomeric products are possible. Markovnikov rule state that in the addition of acid to carbon-carbon double bond of alkene, the hydrogen of acid attaches to the carbon that already holds a greater number of hydrogen. It’s a regioselective reaction because […]
Anti-Markovnikov Rule
Anti – Markovnikov Rule The addition of hydrogen halide to an alkene in the presence of peroxide is opposite to Markovnikov rule. This reversal of orientation of product is peroxide effect and also known as Kharasch effect observed by M.S. Kharasch and F.R. Mayo in 1973. So, in the presence of peroxide addition of hydrogen […]
Boiling Point of an Organic Compound
Boiling Point of an Organic Compound When we talk about boiling point of organic molecules, it is the temperature at which breakage of attraction force (like Vanderwaal attraction force) and bonds (like hydrogen bonds) between the molecules takes place and molecules get free to move separately, there is no breakage of covalent bond within a […]
Melting Point of an Organic Compound
Melting Point of an Organic Compound The most important application of melting point is confirmation of synthesized organic compound, however now different spectral techniques are also available (like IR, NMR and Mass Spectroscopy) but melting point confirmation through reference melting point is an economical, easy and convenient way for confirming the synthesized compound. Melting point […]
Hydrogenation of Alkenes over Nickel Catalyst
Hydrogenation of Alkenes Over Nickel Catalyst Alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbon) get reduced to alkanes in the presence of hydrogen and nickel catalyst into alkanes (saturated hydrocarbon). In this process, nickel catalyst adsorbs the alkene and hydrogen molecules on its surface, and then hydrogen gets attached to alkenes making new sigma bonds and finally converting alkenes into […]
Rearrangement Reactions in Organic Chemistry
Rearrangement Reactions in Organic Chemistry Rearrangement reactions are one of the important class of organic reactions, wherein a group or bond attached to a carbon atom moves to another carbon atom often in a single molecule. Example: A-B-X → B-A-X In rearrangement reactions, the reaction may involve more than one step. No by-products would be […]
Baker-Venkataraman Rearrangement
Baker -Venkataraman Rearrangement This rearrangement reaction of organic chemistry involves the regio-selective formation of 1,3-diketones through the base-induced transfer of acyl group in O-acylated phenol ester. It is an intramolecular acyl transfer reaction via the formation of an enolate. This rearrangement reaction plays a key role in the synthesis of flavons from readily available starting […]