Re-crystallization
Re-Crystallization It is a technique used in chemistry to purify a compound by dissolving the smaller crystals and impurities present into it in a suitable solvent. But there is one important thing to be considered is that there should be a difference in the solubility of product and impurity in the selected solvent for re-crystallization. […]
Distillation
Distillation Distillation is used to separate the pure chemical out of the liquid mixture. First evaporation takes place than condensation. The basic principle of distillation is the use of temperature based upon the temperature difference between the liquids gets separated. There many types of distillation: Simple Distillation Flash Distillation Vacuum Distillation Steam Distillation Molecular Distillation […]
Sublimation
Sublimation It is a process in which a solid substance is directly converted into the gas phase, skipping the liquid phase. It is an endothermic process in which pressure and temperature are below the triple point of substance. Reversing the sublimation process is known as desublimation. The term sublimation is used to give an idea […]
Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond Covalent bonding is a chemical bonding that takes place between atom which shares their electron pair/shared pair/ bonding pairs. It is formed when a stable balance between repulsive and attractive forces takes place. This type of bonding allows each atom participating to attain full configuration. These types of bonding are very common […]
Ionic Bonds
Ionic Bonds It is a type of chemical bonding that occurs between oppositely charged ions which involves electrostatic forces. This bonding is the first interaction between the ions. Anions are negatively charged ions that have gained an electron. On the other hand, cations are those ions that contain positive charge after losing an electron. In […]
Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bond Hydrogen bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction and it occurs between hydrogen and more electronegative atoms (like F, N and O) and that too covalently bound atoms. Two atoms- one is hydrogen bond acceptor and other hydrogen bond donor. Fig: Water molecule showing intermolecular hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding is of two types: […]
Biginelli Reaction
Biginelli Reaction Biginelli reaction is ring forming organic chemistry reaction which forms pyrimidones from three components aldehyde, β-keto ester, and urea in the presence of acidic conditions. The reaction was discovered by Italian chemist Pietro Biginelli in 1891. Mechanism of reaction – Firstly, in reaction condensation of aldehyde and urea takes place, as it happens […]
Eschweiler-Clarke Reaction
Eschweiler – Clarke Reaction Eschweiler- Clarke reaction is a substitution type of reaction of organic chemistry that leads to the formation of tertiary methylamines by the reaction of primary amine or secondary amine in the presence of formaldehyde and formic acid. The reaction was discovered by German chemist Wilhelm Eschweiler as well as British chemist […]
Buchwald-Hartwig Amination
Buchwald – Hartwig Amination Buchwald-Hartwig amination is a cross-coupling organic chemistry reaction where aryl halide is coupled with an amine in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a strong base to form a carbon-nitrogen bond. The reaction has been discovered by Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig in early 1983 and their work […]
Baylis-Hillman Reaction
Baylis – Hillman Reaction Baylis-Hillman reaction is a coupling organic chemistry reaction that leads to forming a C-C bond in between α, β carbonyl compounds like aldehyde or activated ketone and electrophiles. The reaction takes place in the presence of tertiary amine and phosphine and mostly DABCO (1,4 Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane tertiary amine is used. […]