Atomic Orbital Vs. Molecular Orbital
Atomic Orbital vs. Molecular Orbital Atoms are building block and smallest part of the element which reacts chemically. Atoms consist of three fundamental particles i.e. electrons, protons, and neutrons. Charged particles, electrons they move around the nucleus in well-defined circular orbit. Atoms in the group are called as a molecule, a chemical bond is present […]
Rate of Reaction
Rate of Reaction The rate of chemical reaction is the difference in concentration of reactant or product in unit time. It could be the rate of decrease in concentration of any one of the reactants or increase of rate in concentration in case of any one of the products. Reactant (R) Product (P) The […]
Perkin Reaction
Perkin Reaction The Perkin reaction is a condensation reaction of organic chemistry. It involves the formation of α, β unsaturated carboxylic acid from aromatic aldehydes and anhydride in presence of a base catalyst which is alkali salt of the acid. The reaction was first discovered by William Henry Perkin in the 19th century, who […]
Appel Reaction
Appel Reaction It is a type of the organic chemistry reaction to form alkyl halide directly by reaction of tetrahalomethane and triphenylphosphine and alcohol. The reaction was discovered in 1975 by Rolf Appel. Mechanism – Firstly in reaction triphenylphosphine and tetrachloromethane react to form phosphonium salt. Then deprotonation of alcohol occurs forming alkoxide followed by […]
Empirical and Molecular formula
Empirical and Molecular Formula A chemical compound is indicated in different ways in chemistry like by its common name, such as benzene or it can be indicated by its chemical formula. The chemical formula gives information of atoms specifically present in the chemical compound. The chemical formula is expressed as a molecular and empirical formula. […]
Beckmann Rearrangement Reaction
Beckmann Rearrangement Reaction It is a rearrangement reaction in which oximes are converted into amides in presence of acid. The reaction was discovered by Ernst Otto Beckmann who was German chemist. The reaction is acid catalyzed, different acids can be used like polyphosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen fluoride, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid. Mostly sulfuric […]
Schmidt Reaction
Schmidt Reaction It is a rearrangement organic reaction where electrophiles like carbonyls, tertiary alcohols or alkenes react with hydrogen azide to form various products like amines, nitriles, amides or imines with the expulsion of nitrogen. The reaction was discovered by Karl Friedrich Schmidt in 1924 where benzanilide was successfully formed from benzophenone and hydrazoic acid. […]
Hell-Volhard–Zelinsky Reaction
Hell – Volhard- Zelinsky Reaction Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction is the substitution organic reaction which forms alpha halo carboxylic acid from a carboxylic acid having alpha hydrogen in presence of phosphorous halide or phosphorous as a catalyst. The reaction has been named after 3 chemists who discovered this reaction in a period of 1881-1887. The three chemists […]
Elimination Vs. Substitution
Elimination vs. Substitution Substrate Structure (Primary, secondary or tertiary) determines whether elimination or substitution will take place. 2. Less polar solvent (like ethanol) and higher temperature favours elimination. 3. Concentrated KOH and NaOH favours elimination. (Strong base favours elimination and good nucleophile favours substitution).
Factors affecting acidity of carboxylic acids
Factors Affecting Acidity of Carboxylic Acids Two types of groups can be there in structure of carboxylic acid, one is electron withdrawing and other is electron donating. Electron donating groups decreases the acidity and Electron withdrawing groups increases the acidity of carboxylic acid, and also their nearness to carboxylic group creates more impact on acidity […]