Electrophile Attack Orientation in Disubstituted Benzenes
Electrophile Attack Orientation in Disubstituted Benzenes Disubstituted benzenes have two substituents on the ring which makes the orientation of incoming electrophile more complicated. There are two possibilities; one is when the two substituents are located in such a way that one reinforces the other and on the other hand the directive effect of one group […]
Electrophilic addition to conjugated Diene
Electrophilic addition to Conjugated Diene When we react bromine or HCl or catalytic hydrogen with 1,3-butadiene not only expected 1,2-addition product obtained but 1,4-addition product is also obtained which confirms the resonance of conjugated diene system. So following resonance hybrids are possible in conjugated diene system:
Angle, Torsional and Steric Strains
Angle ,Torsional and Steric Strains Angle Strain: Any deviation from normal bond angles (for sp3 hybridized carbon it is 109o, for sp2 it is 120 o and for sp hybridized it is 180 o) causes angle strain because the normal bond angle is most stable conformation for a molecule. Torsional Strain: Any deviation from staggered […]
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes Rule No. 1 Select the longest possible carbon skeleton or chain Rule No. 2 In the numbering of parent carbon skeleton start at the end which provides the lowest number to its substituent. Rule No. 3 if there are many different alkyl groups attached to same parent carbon chain […]
Why Naphthalene undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution at position 1 not 2?
Why Nephthalene Undergoes Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution at Position 1 not 2? As shown in above figures when electrophile attacks on position 1 it can form two resonating structures while when attack on 2nd position there is no resonating structure possible. Thus, attack on 1st position makes more stable intermediate compared to 2nd position attack.
Applications of Grignard Reagent
Applications of Grignard Reagent Grignard reagent is very useful compound also known as organomagnesium halide used in the synthesis of various organic compounds like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid etc.
D, L Notation System
D, L Notation System In organic chemistry D and L notations are used specifically in sugars and amino acids. In sugars the position of the hydroxyl group at second last carbon determines whether it is D sugar or L sugar. If the hydroxyl group is on the right side on that carbon then it is […]
Aldol Condensation
Aldol Condensation In aldol condensation two molecule of aldehydes or a ketone combine to form a beta hydroxy carbonyl compound under the influence of dilute base. Dilute base abstracts an alpha hydrogen and the generated nucleophile attacks on another molecule of aldehyde or ketone to produce aldol product. These aldol products can be further dehydrated […]
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation vs Acylation
Friedel – Crafts Alkylation vs Acylation Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions have few similarity and dissimilarities. For example, as shown in above figure both of the reactions require carbocation/acylium ion and AlCl3 for a reaction but in alkylation, rearrangement is possible to more stable carbocation while acylium ion is not prone for rearrangement. In […]
Claisen Condensation
Claisen Condensation The Claisen Condensation reaction is somewhat different from aldol condensation because it’s a type of substitution reaction while aldol condensation is an addition type of organic reaction. In Claisen condensation two ester molecules condense to form a new C-C bond with the help of a base which abstracts alpha hydrogen from one […]