Functional Group | Examples | Reaction Mechanism |
Alkanes | | Free radical Substitution |
Alkenes | | Electrophilic addition |
Alkynes | | Electrophilic addition |
Dienes | | Electrophilic addition |
Arenes | | Electrophilic aromatic substitution |
Alkyl halides | | Nucleophilic Substitution OR Elimination |
Aryl halides | | Electrophilic aromatic substitution OR Nucleophilic aromatic substitution |
Alcohols | | Dehydration OR Conversion to alkyl halides OR Esterification |
Phenols | | Electrophilic aromatic Substitution |
Ethers | | Cleavage by hydrogen halide |
Epoxides | | Nucleophilic ring opening |
Aldehydes | | Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group |
Ketones | | Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group |
Carboxylic Acids | | Ionization of carbonyl OR Esterification |
Acyl halides | | Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
Acid anhydrides | | Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
Esters | | Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
Amides | | Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
Amines | | Nitrogen acts as a nucleophile or as a base |
Nitriles | | Nucleophilic addition to carbon nitrogen triple bond |
Nitro Compounds | | Reduction of nitro group to amine |
Thiols | | Oxidation to sulfenic, sulfinic or sulfonic acid |