Functional Group | Examples | Reaction Mechanism |
Alkanes | ![]() |
Free radical Substitution |
Alkenes | ![]() |
Electrophilic addition |
Alkynes | ![]() |
Electrophilic addition |
Dienes | ![]() |
Electrophilic addition |
Arenes | ![]() |
Electrophilic aromatic substitution |
Alkyl halides | ![]() |
Nucleophilic Substitution
OR Elimination |
Aryl halides | ![]() |
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
OR Nucleophilic aromatic substitution |
Alcohols | ![]() |
Dehydration
OR Conversion to alkyl halides OR Esterification |
Phenols | ![]() |
Electrophilic aromatic Substitution |
Ethers | ![]() |
Cleavage by hydrogen halide |
Epoxides | ![]() |
Nucleophilic ring opening |
Aldehydes | ![]() |
Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group |
Ketones | ![]() |
Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group |
Carboxylic Acids | ![]() |
Ionization of carbonyl
OR Esterification |
Acyl halides | ![]() |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
Acid anhydrides | ![]() |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
Esters | ![]() |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
Amides | ![]() |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
Amines | ![]() |
Nitrogen acts as a nucleophile or as a base |
Nitriles | ![]() |
Nucleophilic addition to carbon nitrogen triple bond |
Nitro Compounds | ![]() |
Reduction of nitro group to amine |
Thiols | ![]() |
Oxidation to sulfenic, sulfinic or sulfonic acid |