| Functional Group | Examples | Reaction Mechanism |
| Alkanes |  |
Free radical Substitution |
| Alkenes |  |
Electrophilic addition |
| Alkynes |  |
Electrophilic addition |
| Dienes |  |
Electrophilic addition |
| Arenes |  |
Electrophilic aromatic substitution |
| Alkyl halides |  |
Nucleophilic Substitution
OR Elimination |
| Aryl halides |  |
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
OR Nucleophilic aromatic substitution |
| Alcohols |  |
Dehydration
OR Conversion to alkyl halides OR Esterification |
| Phenols |  |
Electrophilic aromatic Substitution |
| Ethers |  |
Cleavage by hydrogen halide |
| Epoxides |  |
Nucleophilic ring opening |
| Aldehydes |  |
Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group |
| Ketones |  |
Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl group |
| Carboxylic Acids |  |
Ionization of carbonyl
OR Esterification |
| Acyl halides |  |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
| Acid anhydrides |  |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
| Esters |  |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
| Amides |  |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution |
| Amines |  |
Nitrogen acts as a nucleophile or as a base |
| Nitriles |  |
Nucleophilic addition to carbon nitrogen triple bond |
| Nitro Compounds |  |
Reduction of nitro group to amine |
| Thiols |  |
Oxidation to sulfenic, sulfinic or sulfonic acid |